Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid found in citrus fruits such as lemons and limes. It is widely used as a food additive and preservative due to its excellent acidity and antioxidant properties. Industrially, citric acid is commonly produced through microbial fermentation using strains of Aspergillus niger. It appears as a white crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and has a clean, sour taste. Citric acid is valued for its ability to adjust pH, chelate metal ions, and enhance flavor. It is non-toxic, biodegradable, and recognized as safe by global regulatory authorities, making it a popular ingredient in a broad range of applications, including food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

In the food and beverage industry, citric acid is widely used to impart a tangy flavor, preserve freshness, and act as a pH adjuster in soft drinks, candies, jams, and dairy products. In pharmaceuticals, it is used to stabilize active ingredients and control acidity. The cosmetic industry uses citric acid for pH adjustment and as an antioxidant in skincare products. Additionally, citric acid serves as an effective chelating agent in cleaning products and water treatment, helping to remove mineral stains and enhance product performance.